1, the classification of perpendicular kiln and actor defect perpendicular kiln (also say to establish kiln, bottle kiln) it is to use calcination the kiln furnace of fireproof raw material and lime. 1) method of classification setting upright kiln can press calcination stock commonly sort and of use fuel different undertake classified, also can differ by means sending wind and mechanization level undertake classified. (1) differ by calcination stock sort can divide for: Argillaceous perpendicular kiln (℃ of calcination temperature 1300-1400) , dolomite sets upright kiln (℃ of 1600-1650 of to calcine temperature) , lime sets upright kiln (℃ of 1200-1300 of to calcine temperature) , magnesian stone sets upright kiln (℃ of 1600-1650 of to calcine temperature) , tall aluminium sets upright kiln (℃ of 1450-1650 of to calcine temperature) (2: Solid fuel sets upright kiln (with coke, anthracitic for fuel) , liquid fuel sets upright kiln (it is fuel with heavy oil) , aeriform fuel sets upright kiln (Jiao Lu is gas, mix gas, natural gas) (3) differ by means sending wind can divide for: Kiln of compulsive and ventilated vertical stroke: Use air-blower to beat air kiln inside, aggrandizement calcination process. Kiln of natural and ventilated vertical stroke: The nature that flow of the gas inside kiln basically relies on to set upright canister itself smokes force to undertake operating. (4) differ by mechanization degree can divide for: Man-made feed in raw material sets upright kiln; mechanization to set upright kiln, arrive from feed in raw material a makings is complete mechanization. 2) the advantage equipment of perpendicular kiln simple, investment the fuel that place of finished product of little, unit consumes little, cost itself of big, equipment covers an area of utilization factor of volume of low, unit the area is small etc. Defect: The temperature inside kiln distributings inhomogenous, because this easy generation undersintering has been mixed,burn taste; to use coke or anthracitic when making fuel, ; of product of ash content pollution is opposite the raw material of kiln piece degree of limitation with have certain, broken makings (<30mm) cannot be used in perpendicular kiln calcination, created the waste of resource, and the productivity of perpendicular kiln is lesser also, labor condition is poorer. From the point of the development of perpendicular kiln, it is artificial operation at first, natural and ventilated, time add a makings. As the progress that produces a technology, work to raise crop, quality, improvement condition, increase production efficiency, reduce specific fuel consumption, realized mechanization stage by stage feed in raw material of ventilated, mechanization and the mechanization that give the kind such as wall of furnace of makings, water-cooling, obturator set upright kiln, make perpendicular kiln is improved ceaselessly, in order to get used to manufacturing modernization.
Graph 1: Straight canister mechanization sets upright kiln / cement sets upright kiln
Graph 2: Lime of dumbbell heavy oil sets upright kiln
2, unit of refrigeration of device of the structural kiln body of perpendicular kiln of 1) of the structure of perpendicular kiln, appearance, feed in raw material, seal unit, vaporization, tripper and drafting apparatus. The appearance of 2) kiln body is in what the motion inside kiln flows inside kiln compatibly to distributing to have main effect undoubtedly to stock. Those who assure the stock inside kiln is even sink and direct motion, make kiln of air current edge sectional and even distributing, it is the main demand of appearance of pair of perpendicular kiln substance, its appearance has the following kinds roughly: (1) straight canister form: Fluctuate namely the cylinder look with same internal diameter, this kind of type applies to to calcine all sorts of fireproof raw material. Structure of this kind of perpendicular kiln is simple, strong, be helpful for stock direct motion and sink equably, and build by laying bricks or stones is built convenient. But stock is in inside kiln when motion of from above to below, once agglomeration, bulk can contract, make annular aperture is formed between its and kiln wall, the resistance that causes kiln periphery compares kiln among want small; at the same time, the accumulation density that stock is in in line of kiln of press close to is midder also loose, make perpendicular cave dwelling identical thereby section is ventilated not all, to calcine of stock of as a result not all. (2) the cylinder look that calcination takes internal diameter to contract sets upright kiln: To overcome afore-mentioned weakness, can take to calcine internal diameter to add systole slightly, can reduce the gap between stock and kiln wall so, make aeriform edge kiln sectional thereby relatively even distributing. To using the perpendicular pit of wall of vaporization refrigeration furnace, still can make circumjacent stock is sinking flip through upcountry likely in the process, improve the to calcine condition of stock thereby, reduce undersintering to taste. (3) dumbbell form sets upright kiln: To enlarge the cubage of kiln, the dumbbell form that often uses warm-up belt and cooling zone to expand is sectional. (4) rectangle sets upright kiln: With heavy oil and gas the perpendicular kiln that is fuel. Because the circle is sectional,accept the restriction of blaze penetration, kiln cubage cannot too big. Accordingly, the design is large volume heavy oil, gas when the fire box outside mixing sets upright kiln, need to use rectangle sectional, its volume limits: Dolomite, magnesian stone, clay and tall aluminous raw material set upright kiln, cubage is more than 50m3; lime to set upright kiln cubage to be more than 100m3.
3) the effect that the effect that takes each inside perpendicular kiln takes each inside perpendicular kiln (1) raw material is inside perpendicular kiln classics needing one by one 3 belts: Warm-up belt, to calcine belt, cooling zone. (2) the raw material have the aid of that takes in warm-up undertakes warm-up at the quantity of heat of flue gas; The quantity of heat that burns the raw material have the aid of of the belt to be given off at fuel combustion place in undertakes to calcine; is in cooling zone already the raw material with good to calcine and the cooling air that beat undertake heating up exchange, raw material is cooled, and to calcine belt is entered to be used for supporting combustion after air is heated. Because be in,cooling zone undertakes heating up exchange by refluent means, it is better that quantity of heat gets use. Accordingly, set upright kiln and other type kiln to compare, have taller thermal efficiency. Raw material has important sense in the retention period inside kiln, if retention period is brief, with respect to meeting influence retention period of; of to calcine quality grows too, will make the crop of kiln is reduced, hear rate increases, also can affect product quality sometimes. Accordingly, raw material passes hot circumstance to close suitably inside the retention period beard inside kiln and kiln. If can raise calcination temperature appropriately, increase air current rate, reduce raw material piece to spend etc, all can conduct heat quickly rate, shorten raw material the retention period inside kiln, raise the yield of kiln.
3, the kiln of horn perpendicular kiln 1) designs a principle (1) diameter of kiln body able to read aloud fluently is equal to or be less than diameter of the mouth below kiln body slightly, effective height 12m; (2) kiln body diameter basically is both ends small, intermediate big; (3) according to kiln body each height of belt of reasonable design warm-up, to calcine belt, cooling zone spends effective height; (4) of height and diameter than suggesting. Because ratio of height to diameter is small, raw material warm-up is insufficient, temperature of kiln top waste gas is exorbitant, ratio of height to diameter of low; of heat energy utilization rate is big, raw material grows too in the retention period inside kiln, operate difficult; (5) the shrinkage of kiln wall (kiln wall tilts upcountry) , proposal control is between 5-6% , because too small became straight canister model, too big when criterion kiln top diameter is too small; (6) kiln end systole should be in in altitude of 1.2m of fire bars above begins to be down systole, because exorbitant go against fall makings, too low fire bars bears pressure is too great, easy injury fire bars, its shrinkage is 25-30%; (7) the design should be helpful for raw material passing warm-up, to calcine, refrigeration 3 take not disorder layer, sink orderly. Easy accomplish an operation to go to the lavatory, 3 belts are stable, do not produce accident. Achieve the goal that tastes high yield, low cost high next. 2) 12m high trumpet perpendicular kiln is departmental a main measure (1) 12m of kiln body effective height, the 1.2m on fire bars is in a diameter to be 2.8-3m in. Kiln bottom diameter is 2.5-2.6m, kiln carries a diameter on the head to be 1.6-1.8m, kiln wall tilts upcountry for 5-6% . (2) kiln wall ply: It is comprised by kiln liner and thermal insulation. The ply when kiln liner is built with firebrick build by laying bricks or stones is 0.35m. Window liner and the sum of thermal insulation ply are not less than 1.1-1.2m. (3) give makings opening: Tall 2.2m, wide 1.8-2.0m. Give ply of wall of kiln of makings mouth around to be 1.2m. (4) present makings opening: Tall 1.6m, wide 0.8m. Its a number, if roof mouth is big, open 2 to present makings opening relatively. (5) aspiration hole: Fore-and-aft and as parallel as kiln body, it is commonly behind kiln body. Be apart from left and right sides of kiln wall 2.8m. Below mouth under the; of old fire bars of below above give ground 2m. Round diameter is 0.6m by, diameter of able to read aloud fluently is 0.5-0.4m. (6) hole of absorption of heat: Be located in labour roof ministry, the diameter is 0.4-0.5m, ground 2m is exceeded above. (7) furnace cap: Be located in kiln top, have circle and square two kinds. It is with square exemple: Tall 2.2m, the wall is apart from the close dot of kiln wall to be 0.35m inside. Outside the wall is long, wide all be 2.2m. Its wall ply is 0.4m(or 0.37m) , stay among them two pairs present makings opening or one presents makings mouth and an exhaust opening. (8) chimney abduct path: It is the establishment of join chimney and furnace cap, its accident is decided according to the circumstance. Want to have certain gradient, interior dimensions tall 0.8m, wide 0.7m. Exit wants the buccal tally that keeps with chimney below highly, be apart from ground 2.5-3m tall. (9) chimney: Height is kiln body effective tall 1.5-2 times. The wall tilts upcountry outside 3% . Chimney exports internal diameter to not be less than 0.8-1m.
4, the factor such as the flexible rate that the discretion that the internal diameter of the kiln of ratio of height to diameter of perpendicular kiln is temperature of the property according to to calcine raw material, calcination, to calcine manipulates is certain. The internal diameter of kiln is big, yield is high. But internal diameter is too big, be hard to agree in the permeability on cross section of entire pit style, to calcine is even, circumstance of the to calcine inside kiln masters not easily. Demand of the calcination temperature that needs according to place of raw material nature commonly, output and energy are used up wait for all sorts of elements to decide ratio of height to diameter. Alleged ratio of height to diameter, be the effective height with kiln body and kiln body internal diameter than, ratio of height to diameter is too big, mean kiln body to grow too, the ratio of height to diameter of fluid obstruction; that can increase air to pass through makings layer is too small, criterion kiln put oneself in another's position is too short, hot exchange has not enough time to undertake adequately. Accordingly, the ratio of height to diameter of impropriety, no matter cross big or too small metropolis,affect product quality, crop and specific fuel consumption. Current, henan saves aluminous ratio of height to diameter setting upright kiln to use 3.8-4.2 commonly, do not exceed 4.3 greatly. Raw material of fireproof to to calcine course, ratio of height to diameter is desirable upper limit 4.2, raw material of abrade to to calcine course, ratio of height to diameter is desirable floor level 3.8.
5, the reason that the athletic way 1) of the stock inside perpendicular kiln is setting upright the stock in kiln and air current to show converse motion stock to move in perpendicular kiln has two kinds: Because stock causes superstratum stock in the systole in to calcine process,one kind is (warm-up belt and calcination are taken) athletic; is the movement that go out as a result of the discharge of bottom stock and causes entire pit stock another kind. Accordingly, the stock that warm-up takes superstratum included all systole motion and give makings campaign (and cooling zone gives makings motion) only almost. The systole that ought to include fuel to light place to cause in batch mixing kiln moves. The air in 2) perpendicular kiln is roused by kiln bottom or inspiratory, flue gas is in by gas of eduction of upside classics chimney cross medicinal powder when shape makings layer, obstruction loss is very big, every meters come loose obstruction of shape makings layer can amount to 800-1000Pa. Accordingly, study the gas inside perpendicular kiln moves, to making sure to calcine carries fuel combustion place needs what air measures to supply, gas what go up in kiln section is reasonable distributing, the obstruction loss that reduces aeriform flow process, assuring to set upright the respect such as kiln crop, quality is significant. (1) the relation of perpendicular kiln crop and blast condition: When perpendicular kiln section is changeless, if air flow increases, criterion because air estimates increase,air current speed accelerates; , fuel combustion speed accelerates; at the same time, of heat exchange of the convection between air current and stock is strong, accelerated stock warm-up, to calcine and cooling process thereby, quality of stock of the crop of kiln, to calcine can rise. Perpendicular kiln chooses high pressure commonly centrifugal type air-blower or collect Ci air-blower. Use up to reduce motive force, should decide in be operated actually relatively the air current rate with reasonable economy. (2) the air current on perpendicular kiln section distributings: Because kiln is medium stock accumulation kind is different, the obstruction loss in process of flow of gas of will apparent effect. Approaching kiln wall point, the hole between stock accumulation and kiln wall is led relatively the hole rate that piles up between stock is old, systole of together with stock creates annular gap, make air current is passed more easily from periphery, go up in the same section of kiln namely, the allocation of circumjacent air current relatively central part is much. Because air current allocation is inhomogenous, cause stock to be in the same section to calcine of kiln is inhomogenous, this one phenomenon calls kiln wall effect. Because the air current on section is inhomogenous,distributing, influence calcination takes stock the position in perpendicular kiln and appearance. For example, with the makings confusing form of solid fuel, because air current is passed from periphery easily, circumjacent fuel is ignited earlier, and combustion rate is rapidder; and the center because fluid resistance is great, air current is passed not easily, need later ability to ignite, combustion process also undertakes more adagio, form thereby " bowl shape " to calcine belt. Rise as what beat wind pressure power, air supply is sufficient, belt of whole to calcine will move up, shorten accordingly the get angry side; Dan Jizhou still is in than the center fast, reason still is shown " bowl shape " . If power of kiln internal resistance is very great, blast pressure is low, air supply deficiency, criterion to calcine belt moves downward, and spin. Dropped to calcine temperature not only so, and cooling zone shortens, affect the to calcine of stock and refrigeration. To overcome afore-mentioned phenomena, should adds circumjacent fluid resistance, balanced kiln section is ventilated. For this, must have reasonable material, be about to break makings cloth at periphery, in order to increase resistance, should reduce circumjacent fuel amount at the same time, in order to drop temperature. Flow to make sure the gas inside kiln is regular, maintain calcination to take place to require empty tolerance, can use 3 kinds of different ventilated kind: One kind is entered to press ventilated, enter air by the beat end kiln with fan namely, form inside kiln pressing; to still one is plant to take out ventilated, carry convulsions on the head by kiln, negative pressure; is formed inside kiln the 3rd kind is balanced and ventilated, undertake blast by kiln bottom namely, kiln top undertakes convulsions, form inside kiln have already controlling an area, have negative pressure area again, manage the pressure system that forms neutral margin in the certain height of kiln. General mechanization sets upright kiln to use a kind of ventilated form, and kiln of natural and ventilated vertical stroke is 2 kinds of means.
6, in perpendicular kiln of method of flaming of fuel of the solid in perpendicular kiln, the quantity of heat that fuel combustion emits is divided outside offerring raw material agglomeration, those who remain is quantity of heat of kiln line be lost, flue gas takes away quantity of heat, the thermal efficiency that these losses cause perpendicular pit is not tall (make an appointment with 50%) . The fuel in perpendicular kiln uses solid, liquid, gas 3 person all but. Natural gas, heavy oil is commonly used at to calcine temperature taller dolomite or; of magnesia perpendicular kiln produce heat gas and usable at to calcine temperature inferior lime or clay set upright kiln. But what make dosage extensive at present still is solid fuel (coal and coke) . 1) the fuel of combustion method solid in perpendicular kiln is in solid fuel the combustion method in perpendicular kiln basically has: The firebox outside the combustion inside kiln and kiln undertakes two kinds burning. Former can divide again for fuel and raw material statified and alternant feed a machine is mixed mixture feed a machine two kinds. 2) outside means of fire box combustion basically applies to the clay with inferior temperature to set upright kiln, its advantage is: The ash content in coal won't pollute raw material, the purity of clinker is taller, apply to the coal with more ash content especially. Raw material conducts heat at the same time when fuel joins the combustion in perpendicular kiln, such conducting heat fast, crop tall, coal consumption low, equipment is simpler also. But means of this kind of combustion has particular demand to fuel: (1) the ash content content of coal should is less than 20% . Ash content is exorbitant, make calorific value is reduced on one hand, the purity; that pollutes grog of raw material, influence at the same time easy create appearance of tumour of refine kiln, knot. The ash content of qualitative to magnesia, dolomite clinker requirement fuel is needed under 13% . (2) the granuality control terribly of coal is important, it affects fuel combustion speed and the thickness that combustion takes. Be in to assure raw material when calcination stay have enough time, the granuality of the granuality of coal and raw material (piece degree) due and certain proportion. Coal bead is too small, the high temperature when combustion takes beyond the mark concentration, tall temperate zone is shorter, the calcination time that raw material takes in high temperature is short, the physico-chemical change of raw material has not enough time to finish, affect the quality of clinker. In the meantime, to calcine belt shortens, warm-up leads relative growth, when to calcine takes the CO2 classics warm-up of generation reductive the scale grow in quantity that is CO, cause hear rate increase. If coal bead is too big, burn speed is decelerated, to calcine belt spins, firepower is not centered, and refrigerative belt shortens accordingly, cause raw material to calcine and cool mass to owe beautiful so. Enter requirement of kiln fuel granuality: Set upright kiln to dolomite, magnesia, easy agglomeration raw material, raw material of difficult agglomeration of fuel granuality 25-40mm; , fuel granuality 40-70mm or 25-40mm. Lime sets upright kiln: 30-70mm of raw material granuality, fuel granuality 13-25mm or 70-75mm of granuality of 25-40mm; raw material, fuel granuality 25-40mm. (3) the volatilization of fuel is divided should be less than 7% , pass in order to avoid the hot loss of chemical incomplete combustion big. Fuel undertakes burning in peripheral firebox, the flue gas that combustion produces enters pit through aperture of kiln wall fire inside. This kind of kiln can be used volatilize the fuel with minute of high content. Fuel ash content is right of raw material stick corrupt also relatively perpendicular kiln of batch mixing type is light, the fuel sort that so this kind of perpendicular kiln uses is more extensive, yi Ke uses inferior coal. But because partial quantity of heat is in firebox be lost, reason its specific fuel consumption relatively perpendicular kiln of batch mixing type is tall. In addition, raw material to calcine is not quite even, kiln center place is easy appear raw material phenomenon. To overcome this phenomenon, peripheral firebox sets upright kiln common step becomes rectangle sectional, the deepness that can permeate according to flue gas will decide rectangular section width, in order to make sure edge section is even to calcine.
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